This paper omits one of the very first practical problems in diagnosing urinary tract infections: taking a clean sample.12 Patients are usually given a paper cup or paper tray and dispatched into the bathroom. Not only is this undignified, especially for older and disabled people, it’s also unhygienic, and the risk of contamination is substantial. Until we develop a reliable system of obtaining uncontaminated samples, any research into UTIs in both primary and secondary care is going to be flawed.
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